TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

A very small aperture terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsat antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates typically range from 56 kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s. VSATs access satellite(s) in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh topology) or master earth station “hubs” (in star topology).
VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale transactions such as credit card, polling or RFID data; or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of satellite Internet access to remote locations, VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-move (utilizing phased array antennas) or mobile maritime communications.

SCPC (Single Channel Per Carrier) uses dedicated satellite bandwidth for a single signal. This makes it a reliable solution for continuous transmissions such as voice services, radio broadcasting or point to point data links.

Key advantages include simple implementation, predictable performance and flexible bandwidth allocation.

MCPC (Multiple Channels Per Carrier) combines multiple signals into a single carrier before transmission. This approach is efficient for broadcasting multiple channels from one location, but requires all signals to be aggregated before uplink.

Both technologies are used depending on network design, traffic patterns and operational requirements.

DVB is a globally accepted set of standards used for digital television and data distribution. It enables efficient transmission of video and data via satellite, cable, terrestrial and microwave networks.

Different DVB standards are applied depending on the transmission method, such as DVB S and S2 for satellite broadcasting, DVB C for cable networks and DVB T for terrestrial television. These standards define how signals are modulated, transmitted and protected against errors to ensure reliable delivery.

DVB technology is widely used for broadcast services, contribution links and professional media distribution.

Maritime VSAT enables reliable satellite communication for vessels at sea. Because ships are constantly moving, maritime antennas are stabilized to maintain accurate alignment with the satellite at all times.

This technology supports voice, data and broadband connectivity for commercial shipping, offshore operations and maritime services, ensuring continuous communication even in remote ocean areas.

Geostationary satellites orbit the earth above the equator at a fixed position relative to the ground. Because they appear stationary, ground antennas do not need to track the satellite, allowing for stable and cost effective communication systems.

These satellites play a crucial role in global communications, broadcasting, weather monitoring and data services.

Inclined orbit satellites are former geostationary satellites that naturally drift due to gravitational forces. Instead of correcting this drift using fuel, inclined orbit systems use motorized antennas that track the satellite’s movement.

This approach extends satellite lifespan and reduces operational costs, while still enabling reliable communication through advanced antenna tracking technology.

LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellite services provide high-speed, low-latency internet and data connectivity using constellations of satellites orbiting close to Earth, offering reliable broadband for remote areas, maritime, aviation, and as a backup for terrestrial networks, enabling applications from video conferencing and IoT to military surveillance and cellular augmentation.

Key Benefits of LEO Satellite Services:

· Low Latency & High Speed: Closer orbit means less delay, enabling real-time applications.

· Ubiquitous Coverage: Connects hard-to-reach rural, maritime, and remote locations where Fiber cable isn’t available.

· Resilience & Backup: Acts as a primary or backup solution for business continuity.

· Versatile Applications: Supports precision agriculture, livestock tracking, remote work, disaster relief, and military operations.